The only eukaryotic virus detected in the CF sputum was Torque Teno virus (TTV). Sputum from a cystic fibrosis patient contained DNA typical of phages of bacteria that are traditionally involved in CF lung infections and other bacteria that are part of the normal oral flora. A large proportion of assembled contigs were assignable as novel phages or uncharacterised prophages, the next largest assignable group being single-stranded eukaryotic virus genomes. Metagenomic sequencing of viruses obtained from these samples revealed that the majority of the metagenomic reads (97-99%) were novel when compared to the NCBI protein database using BLAST. The aim of this study was to investigate diverse populations of uncultured viruses from clinical (a sputum of patient with cystic fibrosis, CF) and environmental samples (a sludge from a dairy food wastewater treatment plant) containing rich bacterial populations using genetic and metagenomic analyses. Metagenomics is a powerful tool that can be used to analyse viral communities in their natural environments. Knowledge of their diversity is limited by the difficulty to culture the host species and by the lack of the universal marker gene present in all viruses. cholerae should not be limited to ctxAB positive strains.Д«acteriophages, viruses infecting bacteria, are uniformly present in any location where there are high numbers of bacteria, both in the external environment and the human body. The results are important for the design of future disease control strategies: surveillance of V. cholerae lineages that can cause human infection. We fill the missing links in the global spread of the two non-toxigenic serogroup O1 V. Other spread events, including from China to Thailand and to Latin America were also observed. The е…ѓb lineage has spread to China on at least three occasions. Both lineages had been previously reported as causing local endemic disease in Latin America, but here we show that global spread of them has occurred, with the most likely origin of е…ѓb lineage being in Central Asia. Within Hangzhou, the spread route of the е…ѓb lineage was apparently from rural to urban areas, with aquatic food products being the most likely medium. Both lineages caused disease over a long time period with usually mild or moderate clinical symptoms. We found that CNTP isolates from Hangzhou belonged to two distinctive lineages, named е…ѓb and L9. cholerae genomes isolated from patients, carriers and the environment in Hangzhou between 20, and compared them with 850 publicly available global isolates. From 2001 to 2012, 71 infectious diarrhea cases were reported in Hangzhou, China, caused by CNTP serogroup O1 isolates.

cholerae, ctxAB negative, tcpA positive (CNTP) isolates have the highest risk of disease. Non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae isolates have been found associated with diarrheal disease globally, however, the global picture of non-toxigenic infections is largely unknown. cholerae O1 biotypes independently acquired distinct CTXП†s. These findings suggest that nontoxigenic precursors of the twoV. choleraeisolates comprise two distinct lineages within otherwise nearly identical chromosomal backgrounds (based on mdh sequences). Comparative nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that the CTXП†s derived from classical and El Tor V. To assess the evolutionary relationships among additionalД¬TXП†s, two CTXП†-encoded genes, orfU and zot, were sequenced from 13 V. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a CTXП† precursor that lackedД¬txABsimultaneously acquired the toxin genes and their regulatory sequences. Sequence analysis of these three plasmids revealed that they lacked the upstream control region normally found 5вЂІ ofctxA, as well as the ctxAB promoter region and coding sequences. These prophages each gave rise to a plasmid form whose genomic organization was very similar to that of the CTXП† replicativeДЇorm, with the exception of missingctxAB. choleraestrains that contained CTX prophage sequences but not thectxA and ctxB genes.

To study the evolutionary history of CTXП†, we examined genome diversity in CTXП†s derived from a variety of epidemic and The genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxA andctxB) are encoded in the genome of CTXП†, a filamentous phage that infects Vibrio cholerae.

Macvector 12.7.5